Until the year 1800, about 43% of the world’s population did not live more than 5 years.An interesting characteristic that is immediately noticeable is that the series are very 'spikey' in the 19th century and are then much smoother in the 20th century. This is partly because the data quality is improving over time but it also shows how frequent crises were in pre-modern times. The decline of crises is an important aspect of improving 'living standards'.