35 Photos That Show Reasons Why Women Live Longer Than Men

Endogenous estradiol – acting in picomoles – provokes marked cardiovascular changes. Cardiac output increases around 20% during the second half of the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy. This continuous biological challenge during the reproductive years creates optimal cardiovascular compliance comparable to the effects of exercise. The “jogging female heart” may explain the lower incidence of cardiovascular disease before menopause and the equalization after the menopause.