To see what a difference this makes, consider 100 people who have been infected with Covid-19. Ten of them have it so severely that they go into hospital, where they test positive for Covid-19. The other 90 are not tested at all. One of the hospital patients then dies from the virus. The other 99 people survive.That would give a case fatality rate of one in 10, or 10%. But the infection fatality rate would be just one in 100, or 1%.