How do countries get their names?

Here are some countries named after a feature of their land:

• Andorra’s name is a bit fuzzy, but according to CIA.gov, it may originate from the Arabic word “ad-darra,” meaning “the forest.”
• Niger is named after the Niger River, which flows through several countries in West Africa.

And finally, some of the countries named after a directional description:

• Australia means “South Land” in old Latin.
• Norway means “North Way” in old Norse.