“The water was abundant when the dam was filled,” said Hamza Ramadan, a professor at the University of Duhok and director of the Institute for Water and Energy Strategies in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. “These landmarks appeared due to the fourth season of drought in Iraq, Turkey and Iran's continuing control of Iraq's water shares, the weakness of the state in taking quick measures to reduce excessive use of river water, and an increase in water for irrigation of wheat in central and southern Iraq.”