Habib Chaab was sentenced to death on 6 December 2022 and his conviction and sentence were upheld by the Supreme Court on 12 March 2023, raising concerns that his execution is imminent. Jamshid Sharmahd’s enforced disappearance is taking place amidst the Iranian authorities’ well-documented pattern of arbitrarily detaining dual and foreign nationals as leverage, as highlighted by the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Iran, mostly recently in a July 2022 report, and the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention.