This external pressure contributed to internal divisions and power struggles within the country. Economically, Iran faced periods of stagnation and decline during the Qajar era. The traditional agrarian economy suffered from inefficient land tenure systems, widespread poverty, and limited industrial development. The government's attempts to modernize the economy through reforms were often undermined by corruption and mismanagement. Socially, the Qajar period witnessed significant changes, particularly in terms of women's rights and education. The introduction of modern educational institutions and the spread of literacy among the population led to greater awareness and demands for social reform. However, traditional social structures and customs continued to shape daily life for many Iranians, particularly in rural areas.
