How Did Women Navigate Social Constraints and Assert Their Agency During the Qajar Era in Iran?

In the early Qajar period, women were largely confined to domestic roles, and their lives revolved around family and home. The prevailing social structure emphasized the importance of women as mothers and caretakers, which relegated them to the private sphere. This confinement, however, did not entirely limit their influence; women played crucial roles in maintaining family honor and managing household affairs.