How Did Women Navigate Social Constraints and Assert Their Agency During the Qajar Era in Iran?

Despite the restrictions, the Qajar era also witnessed the emergence of a new class of educated women. As the state began to modernize, educational opportunities began to open up, albeit slowly. Some women were able to access education through private tutors or by attending informal gatherings. These educated women began to challenge traditional norms, advocating for their rights and the importance of female education.