Challenges to Bashar al-Assad's Rule: Factors Contributing to Instability in Syria During the Civil War

International dynamics also played a significant role in the unfolding crisis. The Syrian conflict attracted the attention of various regional and global powers, each with its own interests in the outcome of the war. Countries like Iran and Russia provided military and financial support to Assad, viewing his regime as a crucial ally in the region. Conversely, Western nations and regional rivals, such as Turkey and Saudi Arabia, offered support to opposition groups, complicating the conflict further.