Challenges to Bashar al-Assad's Rule: Factors Contributing to Instability in Syria During the Civil War

Despite the challenges, Assad's regime has managed to maintain control over significant portions of the country. A combination of military might, strategic alliances, and the fragmentation of opposition forces allowed him to regain territory lost during the war. However, the cost of this control has been immense, with hundreds of thousands killed, millions displaced, and cities reduced to rubble.