The Iranian Exodus Post-1979 Revolution

The methods of escape were as varied as they were perilous. Many paid exorbitant sums to smugglers to cross land borders into neighboring countries like Turkey, Pakistan, or Iraq, often under the cover of darkness and through treacherous terrain. Others managed to obtain visas or used existing connections to fly out of the country, though airports became increasingly monitored and departures grew more difficult over time. The fear of being caught, imprisoned, or worse, was a constant companion for those attempting to flee.