Furthermore, the state has failed spectacularly in creating an inclusive labor market that can absorb its highly educated, youthful population. While literacy rates and access to higher education have expanded significantly since the Revolution, the structural dominance of the state, Bonyads, and IRGC entities has stifled genuine private sector growth and entrepreneurship. This structural barrier leads to alarmingly high unemployment rates, especially among college graduates, resulting in a persistent "jobless growth" phenomenon and a crippling "brain drain" as the best and brightest seek economic opportunity overseas, wasting precious national human capital.
