The adoption of populist economic policies, particularly massive, inefficient energy and food subsidies, has further distorted the economy. While these measures are intended to alleviate poverty and maintain social peace, they often benefit the wealthy disproportionately, encouraging overconsumption and smuggling while draining the public purse. When attempts are made to reform these subsidies, such as raising gasoline prices, the ensuing economic shock disproportionately harms low-income earners, often triggering widespread social unrest as people realize the fragility of their economic security.
