

The task of reconstruction is monumental, with UN agencies estimating the cost at over $70 billion and predicting that full recovery could take decades. The sheer volume of debris—upwards of 61 million tonnes—is a staggering obstacle; merely clearing the rubble could take 22 years. This long-term, arduous process requires sustained international funding, guaranteed access for construction materials, and a stable political environment, all of which remain highly uncertain.