Permit Dodgers Expose Cities to Seismic Risk and Infrastructure Strain

The primary driving force behind the proliferation of illegal building is the sheer economic incentive and speculative nature of the Iranian real estate market. Developers and landowners often calculate that the massive profits accrued from adding extra, unapproved floors or exceeding density limits far outweigh the potential fines levied by municipal authorities. This risk-reward calculation effectively turns fines into a simple "cost of doing business," thus failing to provide the necessary deterrent effect against rampant spatial violations.