Iran’s 1979 Revolution, with the removal of the Pahlavi monarchy and subsequent establishment of a theocracy, the Islamic Republic, brought about a change in the political system. Iran’s 2009/10 popular uprising began with protests in response to electoral fraud evident in the ‘re-election’ of the incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as president. There wasn’t widespread desire for a new revolution, but rather a hope for reform. Nevertheless, the Green Movement significantly challenged the political system in that the Islamic Republic responded with violence.