The Uncaged Lens: Jafar Panahi's Defiant Cinema

This practice of constrained, defiant filmmaking continued with Closed Curtain (2013), co-directed with Kambuzia Partovi. Shot primarily in Panahi's secluded seaside villa, the film blurs the lines between reality and fiction, creating an allegorical parable about the director's imprisonment and isolation. It marked a deeper engagement with metafiction as a tool to subvert the censorship imposed upon him.